Vitamin A Intake of Exclusively Breast-Fed Infants in Cheongju and Anseong areas

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty-seven Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 6 months of lactation in Cheongju and Anseong areas were participated. Retinol and beta-carotene contents in the milk were determined using HPLC and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing methods. Vitamin A (retinol and beta-carotene) contents of the milk were 65.7, 57.2, 48.1, 43.9, 38.2, 38.7 and 44.0 R.E./100 ml, and vitamin A intakes of the breast-fed infants were 361, 402, 348, 331, 304, 305 and 322 R.E./day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month of lactation, respectively. The average intake of vitamin A was 339.1 R.E./day and the percentage to RDA was 96.9% during 6 months. Vitamin A intakes per body weight of the breast-fed infants were 96.7, 88.3, 62.1, 50.0, 41.8, 39.3 and 39.6 R.E./kg/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month. The body weight increased normally from 3.4 +/- 0.5 kg at birth during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Cheongju and Anseong areas consumed adequately vitamin A from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

Protein, Ca, Mg and P Intakes of Breast-fed Infants during Lactation

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate the intakes of protein, Ca, Mg and P of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 3 months of lactation in Incheon area were participated. Protein, Ca and Mg, and P contents in the milk were determined using semimicro Kjeldahl (N X 6.38) , atomic absorption spectrophotometer and colorimeter, respectively, and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing method. Protein contents of the milk were 1.96, 1.63, 1.51, 1.25 and 1.16 g/100 ml, and protein intakes of the breast-fed infants were 9.00, 9.85, 9.17, 8.97 and 7.76 g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum. The average protein intake per body weight of the breast-fed infants was 1.84 g/kg/day. The average intakes of Ca, Mg, P were 172.1 mg/day, 15.2 mg/day and 91.4 mg/day, respectively, and the average Ca/P ratio was 1.91. There was positive correlation between protein and Ca, protein and p, and Ca and P contents while negative correlation between Mg and P, The body weight of breast-fed infants increased normally from 3.6+/-0.41 g at birth to three month during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Incheon area consume almost adequately protein, Ca and P from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

A Survey for Working Plan of Secondary School Feeding in Seoul Metropolitan City and Kyunggi Province

The purpose of this study was to investigate a plan of middle/high school foodservice systems which could properly provide nutrition for juveniles' health. Questionnaires were developed and distributed to: 245 middle schools with 271 parentis, 328 students, 180 teachers, and 345 administrators; 163 high-schools with 223 parents, 466 students, 179 teachers, and 163 administrators in Seoul and Kyunggi province. The results of this study were as followed. For the desirable feeding type as in-school meal plan, 62.2% responded to the current elementary school feeing type;10.3% responded to a lunch-box prepared at home; and 38.0% responded to free dining out type. For a feeding operation type, school administrators, teachers and parents favored the current school feeding systems in elementary schools with proportion of 68.2%, 47.7%, and 87.6% as respectively. Also, 20.3% of school administrators, 22.6% of teachers, and 6.9% of parents preferred contract management. A total of 27.6% of teachers, 9.2% of school administrators, and 3.7% of parents responded to a lunch-box prepared at home. There was a significant difference between the responses for establishing the main body of financial burden to solve the problem of financial burden which could be the most obstacle to bring middle/high school feeding system into operation. For the management of school feeding systems when brought into operation, 88.7% out of 470 responded schools and 89.9% out of 227 responded teachers reported that an expert should manage school feeding systems. For futuristic direction, an effective joint cooking type between schools which may be the way to solve the difficulties in securing the appropriate space and to decrease the financial burden, the problem of transportation for delivering feeding products, low quality of feeding, and sanitation can occur. Therefore, the distance between schools which operate a joint cooking system will affect as a major factor. Furthermore, concrete examination of plans for introduction of various types of school feeding and institutional devices for management system and supervision of operation should become a condition precedent.

Evaluation of Food Behavior of Secondary School Students in Seoul and Kyunggi Area

The purpose of this study was to find the proper methods of school food service conducted from June 20th July 30th in 1996. The subjects of this study were 587 parents of students, 794 students and 359 school teachers at 508 middle and high schools in Seoul and Kyunggi area. And the result was as follow. A total of 48.3% of respondent answered they had breakfast regularly. The reasons why they had breakfast, were habits(34.4%) followed by hunger(28.2%), health(19.9%), parent's persuasion(17.5%). They reasons why they didn't have breakfast are, lacks of time(68.8%) followed by absence of appetite(20.5%), diet(4.5%). About the question the problem of eating habits the most of parents of students, chose an unbalanced diet(25.9%), followed by overeating of snacks(21.7%), voracious eating(18.0%), not eating meals(17.5%), eating little(10%) and overeating(6.8%). At the research of an unbalanced diet, the 63.3% of respondents said they eat evenly while the 36.7% said they had an unbalanced diet. From the research of correlativity between food service at elementary schools and eating habits, we knew that the experience of school food service had an effect on an unbalanced diet. And the students living in Seoul complained more than in Kyunggi. The question about the quality of food, 69.0% of respondents said they were not so bad. While 21.2% said not delicious at all just 9.8% of students said they were very satisfied with the taste. Interestingly, more middle school students both in Kyunggi and Seoul answered the food was delicious than high school students. About the question of the price, 49.5% of students thought appropriate(49.5%) while 44.3% said it was too high. Just 5.9% students answered cheap(5.9%). And students living in Kyunggi thought the price was high than students in Seoul. 62.9% of respondents think their refectories were clean while 22.8% think not clean. And 14.3% answered said dirty. Snack bars at school were managed by the contract with trusters(63.2%), while by the school itself(32.6%).

The Changes and Suggestions in Korean Dietary Guideline / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDAs, Nutrient standards), dietary guidelines, and food guides, each define aspects for a healthy diet in different ways. The RDA and food guide for Koreans were first established in 1962 by the Food and Nutrition Committee of the Korea FAO Association. The committee released the RDA and suggested ways to intake the recommended nutrients. Every five years, the committee has added more data and released revisions. The latest edition of the RDA is the 6th revision. In the beginning, the concept of basic food groups was emphasized as basic data for planning means based on RDA. In the 5th revision, the basic food groups and dietary guideline for public health from the Ministry of Health and Welfairs(December, 1990) suggests that, 1) Eat a variety of foods with a recommended fat intake equaling or less than 20% of total calories ; 2) Maintain ideal body weight and prevent obesity ; 3) Eat foods low in salt. Salt intake should not exceed 10g ; 4) Do not drink too much ; 5) Eat regularly and enjoy meals. After these guidelines were established, the first nutritonal education efforts guidelines were developed in 1984. Despite broad possibilities for application, they had limited use, mainly as a nutritional assessment and food balance sheet preparation. They were not well utilized in public nutritional education and nutritonal policy through the media because of the weakness of the government's food and nutriton policy. Also a lack of administrative support and dietitians in the health department and administrative organizations was partly to blame. In regard to public health and nutrition status, life expectancy has increased 10 years since the 70's and the elderly population increased threefold in 1995 compared to 1960. The common causes of death in 1996 by 19 Chapters classification, were first disease of the circulatory system ; the second, neoplasms ; the third, external causes fo mortality ; the forth, diseases of the digestive system ; and the fifth, respiratory system diseases, In food intake, grain and complex starch intake has decreased while fruit and animal foods have considerably increased. Therefore, energy from carbohydrates has decreased while energy from protein and fat has increased. Energy intakes from protein, fat and carbohydrates were respectively 12.5, 7.2 and 80.3% in 1969 but 16.1, 19.1 and 64.8% in 1995. 62.9% of the householes had the fat energy less than 20%, while 37.1% had the fat energy above 20%. The only intakes of vitamin A and calcium were below RDA levles. Therefore, nationwide attention should be focused on public nutriton education and public activities with supplementation of the RDAs, according to the food guide and the dietary guideline.